Genetic analysis of production characters in Lolium

Summary The genetical control of heading date and dry matter production in an F2 population of Lolium perenne are presented from analyses of triple-test-crosses and basic generations. The data is derived from spaced plant trials at sites in the United Kingdom (UK) and Italy in different years. Despite the wide initial cross between UK bred material and an Italian accession, there was no significant evidence for epistasis, while additive and dominance variation were generally present with partial to complete dominance for all traits. Linear regression onto the environmental means accounted for all the GxE variation for dry matter production in the establishment and aftermath cuts, but not for heading date or the hay cut. The b values measuring responsiveness to the environment were clearly heritable and showed partial dominance. Predictions of the likely performance of recombinant inbred lines and second cycle hybrids were sufficiently promising to support further investigation of these approaches to breeding in this crop.     

An interpretation of genomic balance in seed formation in interspecific hybrids of Solanum

Summary To investigate the mechanisms of seed failure in intraspecific and interspecific crosses of Solanum two diploid, S. commersonii and Group Phureja, and one tetraploid species, S. acaule, species were crossed and the seeds were analyzed for embryo and endosperm development. Many seeds of certain crosses observed seven days after pollinations were found to contain abnormal embryos and degenerating endosperms. In some cases seeds contained an embryo with no endosperm, or an endosperm with no embryo. Other interspecific crosses which were predicted to fail actually produced seeds with normally developed embryos and endosperms. To further characterize the intra- and interspecific embryos and endosperms the nuclear DNA was measured. There are several ways to explain the ploidy levels of embryos and endosperms among the crosses, the occurrence of unreduced gametes in some cases and genomic instability in other cases. The latter resulted in chromosome loss at meiotic and mitotic divisions. Genomic balance in interspecific seeds is critical to both embryo and endosperm development.Scientific Journal Series Article No. 14636 of the Minnesota Experiment Station     

In situ embryo rescue for generation of wide intra‐ and interspecific hybrids of Panicum virgatum L.

Wide crosses have been used for decades as a method for transferring novel genetic material and traits in plant breeding. Historically, many products of wide crosses require tedious and inefficient surgical embryo rescue prior to embryo abortion to recover single plantlets. We have utilized transgenic switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L. cv Alamo) as a pollen donor in conjunction with antibiotic or herbicide selection for recovery of intra‐and interspecific F₁ crosses by using developing ovules from the female parent and selecting for embryogenic cultures derived from the in situ immature embryo. Using this approach, several intravarietial crosses were generated between transgenic Alamo and the switchgrass varieties Kanlow, Blackwell and Cave ‐ in ‐ Rock as well as an interspecific cross with Atlantic coastal panicgrass. This procedure selected F₁ embryogenic callus produced from the developing embryo contained within isolated immature ovules. Several clonal plants were successfully regenerated from each cross. Southern blot, PCR, phenotypic analyses and genomic analysis confirmed F₁ hybrids. Using genotyping‐by‐sequencing shows the hybridization of the recovered plants by determining the ratio of transgressive markers to total compared markers between parents and their potential offspring. The ratio of transgressive markers to total compared markers was significantly lower between parents and their predicted offspring than between parents and offspring unrelated to them. This approach provides the possibility to move useful transgenes into varieties that are recalcitrant to direct transformation which can be optionally segregated thus useful to create new hybrids, as well as recovery of wide crosses that are either difficult or impossible using traditional techniques.     

鲌鲂F1、F2及其亲本肌间骨的比较分析

为研究新型鲌鲂杂交鱼的肌间骨,采用常规测量和解剖法对鲌鲂F1 (female Culter alburnus Basilewskymale Megalobrama amblycephala Yih)、鲌鲂F2 (self-crossing of F1 hybrid of female C. alburnusmale M. amblycephala)及其母本翘嘴鲌(C. alburnus)、父本团头鲂(M. amblycephala)肌间骨的数目、形态和分布进行统计分析,结果表明,翘嘴鲌肌间骨数目为134-139,平均为136.8根; 团头鲂的肌间骨数目为121-129,平均为124.2根; 鲌鲂F1肌间骨数目为129-134,平均为131.6根; 鲌鲂F2肌间骨数目为127-134,平均为130.1根; 鲌鲂F1、F2与翘嘴鲌、团头鲂之间肌间骨数目差异显著(P0.05); 鲌鲂F1每一肌节所含肌间骨数目最多,为0.8024; 鲌鲂F2最少,为0.7744; 翘嘴鲌和团头鲂介于鲌鲂F1和F2之间,分别为0.7953和0.7763。4种鱼均含有I形、卜形、Y形、一端多叉形、两端两分叉形、两端多叉形和树枝形7种类型肌间骨,髓弓小骨比脉弓小骨多且复杂; 鱼体左右两侧肌间骨的数目不完全相等,形态也不完全对称,但较为接近,且肌间骨越靠前端,形态越复杂; 研究获得的鲌鲂F1和F2在肌间骨总数、复杂型肌间骨数目和躯体轴下肌肌间骨数目均较母本有所减少,鲌鲂F2较F1还呈下降的趋势,且每一肌节所含肌间骨最少,表现出一种有利于提高食用品质和精深加工的优势。研究结果为鲌鲂属间远缘杂交培育少肌间骨新品种提供了基础资料。     

导入小麦加倍单倍体植株的玉米DNA在后代中的遗传及序列同源性分析

作者曾报道了一个玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍａｙｓ Ｌ．）基因组特异的重复序列ＤＮＡ（克隆ＭＲ６４）通过小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ｐｅｒｓｉｃｕｍ Ｖａｖ．ｅｘ Ｚｈｕｋ．）与玉米杂交导入一个小麦加倍单倍体（ＤＨ）植株中。利用分析主宰该重复ＤＮＡ序列可以稳定地传递到小麦ＤＨ３代植株。通过Ｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｔ在ＤＮＡ数据库中进行序列相似性搜寻和同源性比较,结果显示,ＭＲ６４的ＤＮＡ序列和玉米的最近报道的两个逆转座子Ｐ     

Genetic analysis of artificial pigmentation mutants in Porphyra yezoensis Ueda (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

Porphyra yezoensis Ueda artificial pigmentation mutants, yel (green), fre (red‐orange) and bop (pink), obtained by treatment with /V‐methyl‐/V′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine, were genetically analysed. The mutations associated with color phenotypes are recessive because all of the heterozygous conchocelis resembled the wild type color when they were crossed with the wild type (wt). In the reciprocal crosses of yel × wt, both parental colors and eight types of blades appeared in the F₁ gametophytic blades from the heterozygous conchocelis. Both colors segregated in the sectored F₁ blades in a 1:1 ratio, indicating that the color pheno‐type of yel resulted from a single mutation in the nuclear gene. In the reciprocal crosses of fre × wt, however, four colors and more than 40 types of blades appeared in the F₁ blades from the heterozygous conchocelis, indicating that the color phenotype of fre resulted from two mutations in different genes. In the reciprocal crosses of bop×wt, three colors and 12 types of blades were observed in the F₁ blades from the heterozygous conchocelis. Both parental colors appeared far more frequently than the third new color. These results indicated that the color phenotype of bop resulted from two closely linked mutations in different genes, and the epistasis occurred in the F₁ blades. The mutants, yel, fre and bop, differ from the spontaneous green (C‐O), the red (H‐25) and the violet (V‐O) mutants of P. yezoensis, respectively.     

Naked Oat×Maize Hybridization

There is a certain frequency of fertilization and embryo productivity in naked oat (Avena nuda L. ) × maize (Zea mays L. ) crosses. The maize pollen readily germinated on the naked oat stigma and more than one pollen tubes grew into the style in about 68% of florets. In a sample of 163 florets fixed after pollination, 5 (3.07%) had only an embryo, 3 (1.84%) had only an endosperm and 10 (6.13%) had both. Overall, 9 haploid and 3 diploid naked oat plants were obtained from 12 seeds which formed following application of maize pollen to about 2200 emasculated naked oat florets. Preliminary studies indicated that elimination of the maize chromosomes occurred early in the embryo and endosperm development. This method gives a new approach for obtaining haplo!d naked oat.     

Analysis of Partial Diallel Crosses in Incomplete Blocks

With a large number of lines in a diallel cross experiment, the number of crosses becomes unmanageable to be accommodated in homogeneous blocks. To overcome this problem, a sample of crosses, known as partial diallel cross (PDC) is often used. The selection of a PDC is based on the criterion of high efficiency for the estimation of general combining ability (gca) effects. Even with a moderately large number of crosses, the use of incomplete blocks is necessary to obtain homogeneous experimental units. The analysis of data from a general PDC grown in general incomplete block designs is being described. An iterative scheme is being developed for obtaining a generalized inverse of the information matrix used in estimating gca effects. Properties such as connectedness and efficiency of mating designs embedded in environment designs are being examined. The paper also examines the universal optimality of some designs in a class of designs. An illustration of the numerical procedure is also presented.     

Physiological bases of genetically determined variation in growth of marine invertebrate larvae: A study of growth heterosis in the bivalve Crassostrea gigas

Many species of marine animals have larval stages whose rates of growth in the plankton are regulated by complex combinations of biological and environmental factors. In this study, we focus on the physiological bases that underlie endogenous variation in growth potential of larvae. Our approach was based on experimental crosses of gravid adults from pedigreed families of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. This produced large numbers of larvae with different growth rates when reared under similar environmental conditions of food and temperature. A total of 35 larval families were reared to test hypotheses regarding the physiological bases of growth variation. Growth rate of these larval families varied over a five-fold range, from 3.4 (± 0.5, S.E.) to 17.6 (± 0.6) μm day^− 1. The suite of integrated measurements applied to study growth variation included size, biochemical compositions, rates of particulate and dissolved nutrient acquisition, absorption efficiencies, respiration rates and enzyme activities. We show that a complex set of physiological processes regulated differences in genetically determined growth rates of larvae. One-half of the energy required for faster growth came from an enhanced, size-specific feeding ability. Differences in absorption rates were not significant for slow- and fast-growing larvae, nor were differences in size-specific respiration rates. Metabolic processes accounted for the additional 50% of the energy “savings” required to explain enhanced growth rates. We propose that different protein depositional efficiencies could account for this energy saving. Quantitative analyses of the endogenous physiological factors that cause variation in growth rate will allow for a more sophisticated understanding of growth, survival and recruitment potential of larvae.     

622例肺癌患者远处转移临床特征的回顾性分析

目的:探讨不同病理类型IV期原发性支气管肺癌的远处转移特点。方法:回顾性分析我科收治的622例诊断明确、资料完整的IV期肺癌患者,比较不同病理类型肺癌患者各器官远处转移发生率,并进行统计学分析。结果:622例IV期肺癌患者中,鳞状细胞癌188例(30.2%),腺癌275例(44.2%),小细胞癌130例(20.9%),大细胞癌5例(0.8%),腺鳞癌14例(2.3%)。平均年龄55.4岁,男女比例为2.60:1,高发年龄为40~60岁。各器官远处转移发生率从高到低依次为:骨267例(42.9%),胸膜212例(34.1%),双肺162例(26.0%),脑148例(23.8%),肝132例(21.2%),肾上腺53例(8.5%),心包50例(8.0%),皮下转移6例(1.0%),肌肉3例(0.5%),眼球和脊髓各1例(0.2%)。单器官转移共283例(45.5%),多器官转移共339例(54.5%),最多为6个器官远处转移。结论:不同病理类型肺癌有各自不同的远处转移特点及临床特征,应选择相应的检查并制定针对性治疗方案。